I finally fixed my laptop. Here's what was wrong, and I have some extra things to look out for if you're having the same problem. Solution: I had to replace my display cable. The display cable takes care of the display, as well as the camera and sensor array. Here's a photo of my broken cable (left), and the replacement cable (right): See the vertical line that runs by the number 8 on the left cable? That's not on the replacement cable. Perhaps my display cable was always defective, and fondling with it caused a connection to break. "That didn't fix it!": Look closely on the logic board, and try to locate this (very small!) component: If it's visibly blown, then this is likely your problem. If you don't have access to precise board-level repair tools, you're SOL unless you can get a repair shop to fix this for you. This section "Camera not detected after history of liquid damage" on Repair Wiki describes the process to getting this component replaced. Good luck!
As simply as I can put it: No, it is unfortunately not possible to to add an internal hard drive to your AirPort Extreme. A hard drive will physically fit into the internal cavity of the AirPort Extreme, but the electronics necessary to make the drive work are absent on the AirPort Extreme's logic board (areas highlighted in green below). However, you can connect an external hard drive to the AirPort Extreme's rear USB port. By going into AirPort Utility and Time Machine preferences, you can use that external USB hard drive as a wireless Time Machine backup drive. Hope this helps!
I tried to open this as carefully as possible but still ended up breaking every single clip. It's not worth being gentle when trying to disassemble this.
If you plan to continue using this enclosure afterwards, you can just about friction fit everything after you snip off all of the remaining clips. Just be sure all ports are properly aligned when you do so, and be careful when transporting the unit.
I just got a regular stock-looking Seagate BarraCuda Compute drive in my 4TB model.