You need to install this first. https://www.microsoft.com/accessories/en-gb/d/xbox-360-controller-for-windows In case the link doesn't work, look up "xbox 360 accessories software" and download only from the official Microsoft website.

Try entering recovery mode using the Power + Volume up buttons. From there you can restore your phone.

Try using the them in another phone to see whether they work as expected, preferably an iPhone (as some headphones are manufactured for either iPhone or Android devices). If they behave the same plugged into the other device, then you need to look for headphones with inline mic manufactured for iPhone. Most major brands will offer their headphones in either Android or iPhone version. If they work with the other device, then it might be an internal hardware fault (assuming you didn't fiddle with the software - as in jailbreaking).

Update to the latest software version available for your device. If that doesn't fix it, backup all of your data (contacts, pictures, videos, music, etc.)and factory reset it.

I have read a lot about those Aspires with only one speaker. I opened mine and had an extra connection for another speaker on the main-board but no speaker present. Open yours, hope it has the connector and find some other speaker that fits the space you have there and fix your sound.