Battery not charging. New battery charged only once

Hi,

The battery on my MacBook (A1708 from 2016) stopped charging without apparent reason. In the menu it said "Connected to power adapter. Battery not charging". In the system preferences, battery status was labeled "healthy". I tried the original power adapter + cable and also an HP 65W power adapter. I tried both USB-C slots, without success. The MacBook eventually turned off and I could not turn it on anymore.

Then I installed a new battery from ifixit. With the new battery my MacBook turned on again, and I was able to charge it from 55% (after installing the new battery) to 100%. Then I used the laptop until the battery was completely drained for calibration. Now again my MacBook won't charge. Even after leaving it connected to the power adapter for several hours, the screen stays black and there's no sign of power.

What could be causing this? If the charging circuitry is broken, I'm surprised that I could charge the replacement battery one time, before it stopped working again.